![]() ![]() However, this is socially inefficient because at Q1, social marginal cost In a free market, consumption will be at Q1 because demand = supply (private benefit = private cost ).For example, if you take a train, it reduces congestion for other travellers. In this case, the social marginal benefit of consumption is greater than the private marginal benefit.Remember Social Benefit = private benefit + external benefit.ĭiagram of Positive Externality (consumption).Therefore with a positive externality the Social Benefit > Private Benefit.With positive externalities, the benefit to society is greater than your personal benefit. ![]() If you walk to work, it will reduce congestion and pollution this will benefit everyone else in the city.The beekeeper gets a good source of nectar to help make more honey. A farmer who grows apple trees provides a benefit to a beekeeper.E.g you are able to educate other people and therefore they benefit as a result of your education. But there are also benefits to the rest of society. When you consume education you get a private benefit.Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.Definition of Positive Externality: This occurs when the consumption or production of a good causes a benefit to a third party. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration-duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality-with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes-activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification-and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. Abstract: This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. ![]()
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January 2023
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